| Former type | Public |
|---|---|
| Industry | Shipbuilding |
| Fate | Merged with others to form Upper Clyde Shipbuilders |
| Successor | Govan Shipbuilders |
| Founded | 1834 |
| Defunct | 1968 |
| Headquarters | Govan, UK |
| Key people | John Elder Sir William Pearce Sir Alexander Kennedy |
| Products | Naval ships Merchant ships Ocean liners Marine engines |
| Parent | Lithgows (1935-1965) |
The Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Limited was a Scottish shipbuilding company in the Govan area on the Clyde in Glasgow. Fairfields, as it is often known, was a major warship builder, turning out many vessels for the Royal Navy and other navies through the First World War and the Second World War. It also built many transatlantic liners, including record breaking ships for the Cunard Line and Canadian Pacific. At the other end of the scale Fairfields built fast cross channel mail steamers and ferries for locations around the world. These included ships for the Bosphorus crossing in Istanbul and some of the early ships used by Thomas Cook for developing tourism on the River Nile.
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The business was founded by Charles Randolph, who began trading as a millwright under the name Randolph & Elliott, building engines and machinery in the Tradeston district of Glasgow in 1834.[1] John Elder joined the business in 1852 and it then diversified into shipbuilding as Randolph, Elder and Company, acquiring the Govan Old Shipyard in 1858.[1] The first ship was built in 1861 as No 14.
The business moved to a new yard at the former Fairfield Farm at the Govan riverside in 1868, changing its name to the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, after the old farm, in 1886,[2] at which time it was owned by Sir William Pearce.[3] The shipyard's imposing red sandstone Drawing Offices were designed by John Keppie of Honeyman and Keppie and constructed between 1889-1891.
John Carmichael was manager of the Fairfield yard in 1894. He had been born in Govan in 1858, and he had entered Fairfield as an apprentice in 1873. When his apprenticeship was completed seven years later, Sir William appointed him as head draughtsman, and later he was promoted to assistant manager.[4]
Alexander Cleghorn was the Fairfield manager in 1909.[5] The company also established the Coventry Ordnance Works joint venture with Yarrow Shipbuilders and others in 1905.
A giant cantilever crane was built for the yard in 1911 by Sir William Arrol & Co. With a maximum lift capacity of 250 tons, it was recognised for many years as the largest crane in the world. It was employed in lifting the engines and boilers aboard ships in the fitting out basin. The B-listed crane was demolished in 2007 during yard modernisation works.
In 1919 the company became part of the Northumberland Shipbuilding Group, with Alexander Kennedy installed as managing director.[6] In 1921, Alexander Kennedy was knighted. Sir Alexander became Fairfield chairman in 1930 and remained so until after Fairfield was taken over by Lithgows of Port Glasgow in 1935.[7]
The Fairfield West Yard was added in 1920s but closed after ten years due to severe recession and was demolished in 1934. The Fairfield West yard was used by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1944 to build four landing craft.
In 1963, the Fairfield engine building division merged with another Lithgow subsidiary, David Rowan & Company, to form Fairfield Rowan Ltd. The company as a whole was placed in receivership and was subsequently sold by Lithgow's in 1965.[8] The marine engine building subsidiary Fairfield Rowan was closed in 1966, but the shipbuilding operation was reconstituted as Fairfield (Glasgow) Ltd, in what became known as the famous Fairfield Experiment into new ways of improving productivity through attempting new reforms to industrial relations and the application of Scientific management methods to improve productivity. The era of the Fairfield experiment was captured by Sean Connery in his famous documentary The Bowler and the Bunnet.
Then in 1968 the company became part of Upper Clyde Shipbuilders,[9] which collapsed in 1971[10] when a strike and work-in received national press attention.[11] As part of the recovery deal, Fairfields was formed into Govan Shipbuilders, which was nationalised and subsumed into British Shipbuilders in 1977.[12] On the breakup of British Shipbuilders under denationalisation in 1988, the former Fairfield yard was sold to the Norwegian Kværner group and renamed Kvaerner Govan.[13] The yard passed to BAE Systems Marine in 1999 and is now part of BAE Systems Surface Ships.[13]
Some of the better-known ships built by Fairfield's include: